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The soaring categories

What changes is how you climb (by hand, with a towline, with a bungee, with an electric motor or with the wind on the slope) and what you're after in competition: staying up, landing precisely, flying fast.

The figures are from the 2026 rules. In competition the full rules always apply: the link is at the bottom of each card.

Hand launch

  • F3KFAI class

    Hand-launch glider

    Small, very light gliders with no motor and no towline: the pilot launches them by hand, nowadays almost always with a discus launch, spinning round while holding the model by the wingtip. Then they hunt for thermals.

    Wingspan
    up to 1.5 m
    Flying weight
    up to 600 g
    Competing
    A different task every round, from A to N (the table is further down): short or long flights, target times to hit, everyone in the air together. Contests are flown in winds up to 8 m/s.
    In Italy
    The Coppa VOLI at Rivalta Torinese (Tetti Neirotti), run by the Aero Club VO.LI Aeromodellistico, counts towards the Italian Championship. There are also open contests, for example at Fenegrò and Siziano.

Slope

  • F3FFAI class

    Slope racing

    Fast gliders kept up only by the wind rising along the slope. They can be ballasted when the wind is strong.

    Wing area
    up to 150 dm²
    Flying weight
    up to 5 kg
    Wing loading
    up to 75 g/dm²
    Competing
    One pilot at a time: 10 legs of 100 m between two bases, timed to the hundredth of a second. Flown in winds between 3 and 25 m/s. In each round the fastest pilot gets 1000 points.
    In Italy
    There are no F3F contests in the Aero Club d'Italia 2026 calendar. Near us there's the Swiss Championship (24 October 2026); the 2026 World Championship was flown at Suances, in Spain.

Towline, winch and bungee

  • F3JFAI class

    Thermal duration with a towline

    Large gliders launched with a towline: helpers tow it at a run, with a nylon line no longer than 150 m, or an electric winch reels it in. Then you hunt for a thermal to stay up for 10 minutes.

    Wing area
    up to 150 dm²
    Flying weight
    up to 5 kg
    Wing loading
    20 to 75 g/dm²
    Towline
    up to 150 m
    Competing
    Groups of pilots in the air together, 10 minutes of working time: flight time counts, plus up to 100 points for landing close to the spot. The best pilots fly the flyoff, with 15 minutes.
    In Italy
    The Italian Championship is organised by the Aero Club di Lodi “F. Agello”; the F3J Italia group follows competition activity. The 2026 World Championship was flown at Graffignana, in the province of Lodi.
  • F3BFAI class

    Multi-task: duration, distance, speed

    Gliders launched by a battery-powered electric winch, with the line running through a turnaround pulley staked no more than 200 m away. The same model must be able to stay up for a long time and fly fast.

    Wing area
    up to 150 dm²
    Flying weight
    up to 5 kg
    Wing loading
    up to 75 g/dm²
    Competing
    Three tasks: duration (up to 10 minutes, plus the spot landing), distance (as many 150 m legs as possible in 4 minutes) and speed (4 legs of 150 m in the shortest time). Ballast can be changed between tasks.
    In Italy
    There are no F3B contests in the Aero Club d'Italia 2026 calendar: to compete you have to look at FAI contests abroad.
  • F3LProvisional FAI class

    Wooden RES glider

    2 m gliders built mostly of wood, with rudder, elevator and spoilers only (RES). They are launched with a bungee: 15 m of rubber tubing and 100 m of line, the same for everyone. It's designed to be cheap and to bring young people in.

    Wingspan
    up to 2 m
    Flight time
    up to 360 s
    Working time
    9 min
    Competing
    The flight counts up to 6 minutes within 9 minutes of working time, 2 points per second: seconds over 6 minutes are deducted. Then up to 100 landing points. Variometers are not allowed.
    In Italy
    The Aero Club di Lodi “F. Agello” organises the Italian Championship (at Carisio in 2026) and the Memorial Alberto Gallizia.

Electric motor gliders

  • F5JFAI class

    Thermal duration with an electric motor

    Gliders up to 4 m with an electric motor used only to climb: one motor run, 30 seconds at most. An on-board altimeter (AMRT) records the launch height: the lower you cut the motor, the fewer points you lose.

    Wingspan
    up to 4 m
    Flying weight
    up to 5 kg
    Wing loading
    12 to 75 g/dm²
    Motor run
    up to 30 s
    Competing
    Groups of at least 6 pilots, 10 minutes of working time: one point per second, minus the launch height, plus up to 50 landing points. 15-minute flyoff. The step-by-step diagram is further down.
    In Italy
    The Aero Club VO.LI Aeromodellistico organises the Coppa VOLI, the Coppa Madonna di Loreto and, with A.S.D. Volare su Tetti, the Italian Championship. Contests and rankings are on f5j.it.
  • F5KProvisional FAI class

    Hand launch with a motor

    Models the size of an F3K with a small electric motor and a 3S battery at most: the motor cuts out on its own after 7 seconds or at 60 m. You launch and land inside the pilot's area, a hexagon about 10 m across.

    Wingspan
    up to 1.5 m
    Flying weight
    up to 600 g
    Motor run
    up to 7 s
    Max height under power
    up to 60 m
    Competing
    Five tasks (A–E), with everyone in the air together at the signal. The reference height is 60 or 70 m, depending on the wind: cut lower and you gain half a point per metre, climb too high and you lose points.
    In Italy
    It's flown in open contests alongside F3K, for example at Fenegrò (March 2026) and Siziano (2025).
  • F5LProvisional FAI class

    RES glider with a motor

    F3L with an electric motor instead of the bungee: 2 m, wood, rudder, elevator and spoilers. A logger stops the motor at 30 seconds or 90 m.

    Wingspan
    up to 2 m
    Motor run
    up to 30 s
    Max height under power
    up to 90 m
    Flight time
    up to 390 s
    Competing
    The flight counts up to 6 minutes 30 seconds within 9 minutes of working time, 2 points per second, then the spot landing as in F3L. You can relaunch: the last flight counts.
    In Italy
    There are no F5L contests in the Aero Club d'Italia 2026 calendar; in Italy the sport classes derived from it are flown (below).
  • F3GFAI class

    Multi-task with a motor

    F3B with an electric motor instead of the winch: gliders of at least 2.8 m. A logger stops the motor after 30 seconds or once it has used 350 Wmin of energy, and after that it can't be restarted.

    Wingspan
    at least 2.8 m
    Flying weight
    up to 5 kg
    Motor run
    up to 30 s
    Energy for the climb
    up to 350 Wmin
    Competing
    The same three tasks as F3B: duration, distance and speed. In duration each metre of launch height costs half a second up to 250 m, 3 seconds above.
    In Italy
    There are no F3G contests in the Aero Club d'Italia 2026 calendar. It is now an official FAI class, no longer provisional.

Italian sport classes

  • E-RES ItaliaItalian rules

    Italian-style electric RES

    2 m electric motor gliders with rudder, elevator and spoilers: built up with ribs as in F5L, or with sheeted foam wings and even a moulded fuselage. A logger stops the motor at 30 seconds or 90 m.

    Wingspan
    up to 2 m
    Motor run
    up to 30 s
    Max height under power
    up to 90 m
    Working time
    9 min
    Competing
    9 minutes of working time and free relaunches: the last flight counts. Each second is worth 2 points up to 390 seconds, then they are deducted; landing follows the F5L table. Telemetry, gyros and stabilisers are not allowed.
    In Italy
    Contests at Argelato (Bologna), with results on GliderScore.
  • Alianti 3MItalian rules

    Home-built motor gliders up to 3 m

    The model must be built by the person flying it: materials, technique and number of servos are free, battery 3 LiPo cells at most. A logger stops the motor at 30 seconds or 90 m.

    Wingspan
    up to 3 m
    Motor run
    up to 30 s
    Max height under power
    up to 90 m
    Flight time
    up to 360 s
    Competing
    6 minutes 30 seconds of working time: the flight counts up to 6 minutes, 2 points per second, and there are 10 extra seconds to land. Landing follows the F5L table.
    In Italy
    Contests at Argelato (Bologna), with results on GliderScore.
  • F5L LightItalian rules

    Simplified F5L

    2 m electric motor gliders that meet the F5L technical rules, with rudder, elevator and spoilers. A logger stops the motor at 30 seconds or 90 m.

    Wingspan
    up to 2 m
    Motor run
    up to 30 s
    Max height under power
    up to 90 m
    Working time
    7 min
    Competing
    7 minutes of working time and free relaunches: the last flight counts. It counts up to 360 seconds, 2 points per second; landing follows the F5L table.
    In Italy
    Italian rules for club contests: the dates, when they come out, are on GliderScore.

How the tasks are flown

Four categories up close: F5J step by step, with the diagram, F3J, the F3K tasks and F3F on the slope.

F5J, step by step

Working time: 10 minutes010 minlaunch and landing on the spotlaunch heightmeasured by the AMRTmotor: 30 s at mostmotor offglide and thermalsLanding bonus (points)5030501 m5 m10 mbeyond
  1. Preparation: 5 minutes to get to your spot and prepare the model. The AMRT is zeroed on the ground, on the spot, in front of the timekeeper.
  2. At the signal the working time starts: exactly 10 minutes, 15 in the flyoff. Before the signal the motor stays off.
  3. Hand launch with the motor running, within 2 m of your spot, straight ahead for at least 3 seconds in the direction set by the contest director. You get only one attempt per round.
  4. Climb: one motor run, 30 seconds at most. Flight time starts when you switch the motor on. If the prop is still turning after 30 seconds, the flight scores zero.
  5. Launch height: the AMRT records the highest altitude between motor start and 10 seconds after the motor is cut. Each metre costs half a point up to 200 m, 3 points above.
  6. Glide and thermals: one point for every second of flight, 600 at most (900 in the flyoff).
  7. Landing on your spot: 50 points within 1 m, then 5 fewer for every metre up to 10 m; beyond that, zero. It's measured from the model's nose. If the nose stops more than 75 m from the spot, the flight scores zero.
  8. Overtime: if you land after the end of the working time you lose the landing bonus; more than a minute late and the flight scores zero.
  9. Scoring: in each group the best pilot gets 1000 points, the others in proportion. With more than 4 rounds the worst is dropped. 30% of the pilots (from 6 to 14) go through to the flyoff, which starts again from zero.

A worked example

A flight of 9 minutes 40 seconds (580 points), landing 80 cm from the spot (50 points), motor cut at 120 m (60 points off): 580 + 50 − 60 = 570 points.

F3J

  • Groups of at least 6 pilots (ideally 8–10), 5 minutes of preparation time and 10 minutes of working time, the same for everyone.
  • Launch with the towline inside the launch corridor, 6 m wide: by hand, with at most two helpers towing, or with the electric winch.
  • Unlimited attempts: the last flight counts. Time is measured to the tenth of a second, from release to first contact with the ground.
  • Landing: 100 points within 20 cm of the spot, then decreasing to 30 points at 15 m. If the model stops more than 75 m from the spot, the flight scores zero.
  • Going over the end of the working time costs 30 points and the landing bonus; more than a minute over and the flight scores zero.
  • Flyoff: at least 9 pilots in a single group, with 15 minutes of working time. Maximum wind 12 m/s.

F3F

  • It's flown on a slope, one pilot at a time, along a 100 m course marked by two bases, A and B, perpendicular to the slope.
  • After the start order you have 30 seconds to hand launch and another 30 to enter the course: then the clock starts anyway.
  • You fly 10 legs, that is 1 km, in the shortest time, timed to the hundredth of a second. An audible signal marks every base crossing.
  • Only one attempt per round. Each crossing of the safety line, towards people, costs 100 points.
  • Score: 1000 × the fastest time divided by yours. At least 4 rounds are needed and the worst is dropped (the two worst with more than 14).
  • The round is stopped if the wind is below 3 m/s or above 25 m/s, or if it swings more than 45° from the slope.

F3K: tasks A to N

A different task every round, announced before the contest. You launch and land inside the contest field and time is measured to the tenth of a second. With 6 or more rounds the worst is dropped.

TaskHow it's flownMax flightWorking time
ALast flightUnlimited launches: only the last flight counts.Max flight: 5:00Working time: 7 / 10 min
BNext to last and last flightThe last two flights count; with 7 minutes of working time the maximum drops to 3 minutes.Max flight: 4:00 / 3:00Working time: 10 / 7 min
CAll up, last downEveryone launches together, within 3 seconds of the signal, 3 to 5 times: the times are added up.Max flight: 3:00Working time: —
DTwo flightsOnly two flights, added together.Max flight: 5:00Working time: 10 min
EPokerYou announce a target time and keep trying until you make it: up to three times, added together.Max flight: —Working time: 10 / 15 min
F3 out of 66 launches at most: the 3 longest flights count.Max flight: 3:00Working time: 10 min
GFive longest flightsUnlimited launches: the 5 longest flights count.Max flight: 2:00Working time: 10 min
H1, 2, 3 and 4 minutesFour flights with targets of 1, 2, 3 and 4 minutes, in any order: the longest goes on the 4 minutes, and so on.Max flight: 4:00Working time: 10 min
IThree longest flightsUnlimited launches: the 3 longest flights count.Max flight: 3:20Working time: 10 min
JLast three flightsUnlimited launches: the last 3 flights count.Max flight: 3:00Working time: 10 min
KBig ladderExactly 5 launches with increasing targets: 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30 and 3:00. Time counts up to the target.Max flight: 3:00Working time: 10 min
LOne flightA single launch: up to 6:59 with 7 minutes of working time, up to 9:59 with 10.Max flight: 6:59 / 9:59Working time: 7 / 10 min
MHuge ladder (flyoff)Flyoff task: 3 launches with targets of 3, 5 and 7 minutes, in that order.Max flight: 7:00Working time: 15 min
NBest flightUnlimited launches: only the longest flight counts.Max flight: 9:59Working time: 10 min

Results

2026 F3J World Championship · flyoff

30 July 2026, Graffignana (Lodi)

  1. 1Marco Gallizia · Italy
  2. 2Yu Nishimura · Japan
  3. 3Hermann Haas · Austria

Marco Gallizia is first in the flyoff (source: GliderScore); the FAI press release with the official rankings is not out yet. In the qualifying rounds: Marco Gallizia 4th, Carlo Gallizia 12th, Marco Generali 17th out of 29.

Source: GliderScore ↗ (opens in a new window)

2026 F5J European Championship

16–22 August 2026, Abbeville (France)

  1. 1Lukas Dietrich · Germany
  2. 2Alessandro Aramini · Italy
  3. 3Rudolf Simo · Slovakia

Teams: 1. Germany · 2. Czechia · 3. Italy

Source: FAI ↗ (opens in a new window)

2025 Italian F5J Championship · flyoff

24–25 May 2025, Rivalta Torinese (Tetti Neirotti)

  1. 1Alessandro Aramini
  2. 2Juan Osella
  3. 3Alex Sgolastra

In the qualifying rounds: 1. Alessandro Aramini, 2. Claudio Vigada, 3. Sandro Nobili.

Source: GliderScore ↗ (opens in a new window)

Coppa VOLI F3K 2026

11–12 April 2026, Rivalta Torinese · counts towards the Italian Championship

  1. 1Arijan Hucaljuk · Croatia
  2. 2Cederic Duss · Switzerland
  3. 3Philipp Heinle · Germany
  4. 12Thomas Truffo · Italy · first Italian

Source: GliderScore ↗ (opens in a new window)

Coppa VOLI F3K 2025

5–6 April 2025, Rivalta Torinese · counts towards the Italian Championship

  1. 1Arijan Hucaljuk · Croatia
  2. 2Jeremy André · France
  3. 3Alessandro Aramini · Italy · first Italian

Source: GliderScore ↗ (opens in a new window)

F3J medal table · world championship medals

World Championships in Johannesburg (2012), Martin, Slovakia (2014) and Vipava, Slovenia (2016)

  1. 2012Carlo Gallizia · individual junior gold
  2. 2014Marco Gallizia · individual junior gold
  3. 2016Marco Gallizia · individual junior bronze
  4. 2016Italy · senior team silver

The full medal table, including the European Championships, is on the F3J Italia website.

Source: F3J Italia ↗ (opens in a new window)

Upcoming contests

  • 17–18Oct

    2026 Italian F5J Championship

    October 17–18, 2026 · Rivalta Torinese (TO), Tetti Neirotti

    Classes: F5J senior, junior and women

    A single contest. Entries by 10 October 2026 on the f5j.it website. Organised by the Aero Club VO.LI Aeromodellistico and A.S.D. Volare su Tetti.

    Bulletin no. 1 (PDF) ↗ (opens in a new window)

  • 1Nov

    E-RES Italia

    November 1, 2026 · Argelato (BO)

    Classes: E-RES Italia (sport class)

    Date and venue from the GliderScore calendar.

    GliderScore ↗ (opens in a new window)

  • Aug2027

    2027 F5J World Championship

    August 2027 · Muncie, Indiana (USA)

    Classes: F5J

    At the field of the AMA, the US model aircraft federation.

    AMA news (in English) ↗ (opens in a new window)

The 2026 events, to give an idea of 2027

The 2027 calendars are not out yet. Here are the 2026 soaring contests in Italy and Switzerland: they usually come back at the same time of year.

  1. Mar 1

    E-RES ItaliaHeld

  2. Apr 11–12

    Coppa VOLI F3K ↗ (opens in a new window)

    Rivalta Torinese (TO), Tetti Neirotti · Counts towards the Italian Championship, open contest.

    F3KHeld

  3. Apr 25–26

    Coppa VOLI F5J ↗ (opens in a new window)

    Rivalta Torinese (TO), Tetti Neirotti · Open contest.

    F5JHeld

  4. Apr 26

    Alianti 3MHeld

  5. Jun 7

    E-RES ItaliaHeld

  6. Jun 13–14

    Italian F3L Championship ↗ (opens in a new window)

    Carisio (VC) · A single contest. Carisio is in the province of Vercelli, near Biella.

    F3LHeld

  7. Sep 19–20

    F3JHeld

  8. Sep 27

    Alianti 3MHeld

  9. Oct 3–4

    Memorial Alberto Gallizia F3L ↗ (opens in a new window)

    Sant'Angelo Lodigiano e Graffignana (LO) · Open contest.

    F3LHeld

  10. Oct 3–4

    Coppa Madonna di Loreto F5J ↗ (opens in a new window)

    Recanati (MC), aviosuperficie Madonna di Loreto · Open contest.

    F5JHeld

  11. Oct 11

    F5JComing up

  12. Oct 17

    Swiss F3L Championship ↗ (opens in a new window)

    Thun (CH) · If the weather is bad, it moves to 24 October.

    F3LComing up

  13. Oct 24

    Swiss F3F Championship ↗ (opens in a new window)

    Slope chosen according to the wind: Hahnenmoos, Auta Chia, Lukmanier Pass or Löchle · If the weather is bad, it moves to 25 October.

    F3FComing up

Sources: Aero Club d'Italia 2026 calendar, GliderScore and the calendar of the Swiss model aircraft federation (SMV).

Slope soaring

When the wind blows against the side of a mountain, the air is forced to rise. A glider flying back and forth in front of the slope, inside this band of rising air, stays up as long as there is wind: no motor and no towline.

You hand launch from the edge, into the wind, and fly in front of the ridge: behind it, downwind, there's the rotor, the turbulent air that brings the model down.

Near our field there's the Bielmonte slope, at about 1,500 metres in the mountains above Biella, in the Oasi Zegna.

The right wind

It must blow straight onto the slope and be strong enough to hold the glider up. To give an idea of the limits: in F3F contests the round is stopped below 3 m/s (about 11 km/h), above 25 m/s (90 km/h) or if the wind swings more than 45° from the slope. Strong wind calls for experience and a sturdy model.

The models

In competition F3F gliders are used, up to 5 kg, which can be ballasted when the wind is strong. For slope flying any glider that can handle the day's wind will do, even without a motor.

Dynamic soaring

It's flying for experts, behind the ridge: the model circles across the boundary between the strong wind above the ridge and the almost still air on the lee side, and picks up speed on every lap. It reaches extremely high speeds, but there is no official record: the speeds you read about are enthusiasts' measurements, not certified.

Basic safety rules

From the codes of conduct written for slopes where model aircraft, paragliders and hang gliders fly together: the Monte Lema code, by the Swiss model aircraft and hang gliding federations, and the British BHPA/BMFA one.

From the Monte Lema code

  • Model pilots all stand in the same spot, so they can talk to each other.
  • Call out take-offs, landings and low passes, with the direction.
  • Also call out paragliders taking off, close passes and incoming gliders.
  • Give paragliders and full-size gliders more room than other models: they can hardly avoid you, so it's up to you.
  • When it's crowded, make room for slow models and less experienced pilots: no fast laps around the launch point.
  • Fly fast passes away from the edge of the slope, out of respect for hikers.

Monte Lema code (PDF) ↗ (opens in a new window)

From the BHPA/BMFA code

  • Before flying, read the local rules and check where paragliders and hang gliders take off and land.
  • If you arrive first, introduce yourself to those who arrive later.
  • If you're new to slope flying, don't fly in the airspace shared with paragliders and hang gliders.
  • Don't launch until your launch area is clear.
  • Keep good separation and stay out of the airspace above their take-off, landing and parking areas.
  • If you fly aerobatics, leave plenty of clear space, and don't let a paraglider block your view of the model.

BHPA/BMFA code (in English) ↗ (opens in a new window)

Flying at Bielmonte

The hour-by-hour forecast wind at altitude, the launch points and the local rules are on the slope page.

Gliders and soaring: categories, contests and slope flying · AER.BI Cossato